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Özgün Başlık
Gazimağusa Limanı : 13. Yüzyıldan 20. Yüzyıla Bir Akdeniz Limanının Gelişimi

Yazarlar
Ege Uluca, Nur Akın

Dergi Adı
İTÜ Dergisi A : Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım

Cilt
Mart 2008, Cilt 7, Sayı 1, ss. 62-73

Anahtar Kelimeler
Akdeniz Kenti ; Gazimağusa ; Liman ; Kentsel Dönüşüm

Özet
Kıbrıs'ın doğu kıyılarında konumlanmış olan Gazimağusa Limanı, doğal korunma niteliklerinden dolayı tarih boyunca adadaki en iyi demirleme imkânlarını sağlamıştır. Liman, bir iç liman ve bir dış limandan oluşmaktadır. Dış Liman 1, 5 km uzunluğundadır ve doğal resiflerle çevrilmiştir. İç Liman ise, deniz surları boyunca, İç Kale ve Arsenal Kulesi arasında uzanan, karşısında bulunan üç ada dolayısıyla da çok güvenli ve korumalıdır. 13. yüzyılda, ‘Lüzinyan Krallığının' adadaki yönetiminin başlamasının ardından, Gazimağusa ana limana dönüşmüştür. Gazimağusa'nın tercih edilme sebepleri, Kutsal Topraklardaki limanlara ve Küçük Ermenistan'a yakınlığı ve coğrafi üstünlükleridir. Limanın savunması için 1232 yılında kullanılmış olan bir kuleden söz eden F. Amadi, kentteki ve limandaki bir yapıyla ilgili en erken tarihli bilgileri vermiştir. Gazimağusa Limanı'nın ihtiyaçları olan tersane ve bir kale 1300 yılından önce buradaki yerini almıştır. 1308 yılında, İç Kale ve ‘Torion del Arsenale' arasındaki deniz surları ve Deniz Kapısı'nın inşaatının devam ettiği bilinmektedir. Kısa bir süre sonra kale karşıdaki doğal resiflerle bir zincirle birleştirilmiş, daha sonraları resiflerin üzerine bir kule inşa edilmiştir. 14. yüzyıl sonuna kadar limanın çoğunlukla savunmaya yönelik olan fiziksel öğelerinin büyük bir kısmı tamamlanmıştır. Savunma ve limanın işletilmesi için gerekli fiziksel öğelerden sonra, kara tarafındaki kentsel mekânlar ve yapılar yerlerini almışlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Gazimağusa Limanı'nın, tersane, tersane kapısı, Deniz kapısı / kapıları, kale / iç kale, kuleler / gözetleme kulelerinden oluşan fiziksel öğelerinin, 1250 yılından 1950 yılına kadar süren 700 yıl boyunca sürekliliğini ve değişimini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir.

Başlık (Yabancı Dil)
Port of Famagusta : Development of a Mediterranean Port From 13th to 20th Century

Anahtar Kelimeler (Yabancı Dil)
Mediterranean City ; Famagusta ; Port ; Urban Transformation

Özet (Yabancı Dil)
Cyprus, in the middle of Eastern Mediterranean, is an island whose economy laid on sea trade since Prehistoric times. Its ports, with changing significances through history were the main scenes of its past. Among its port cities, Famagusta is a more recent one comparing with the others. Its name began to emerge only after 10th century, parallel to decline of Salamis / Constantia, facing with many problems like earthquakes, Arab invasions and its' silted up harbour. Port of Famagusta, which is located at the back of Famagusta Bay on the east shores of Cyprus, had supplied the best anchorage possibilities in the island throughout its history, because of its natural protection. The port consists of an outer and an inner port. The outer port is 1.5 km long and surrounded by natural reefs. The inner port, lying along the sea walls, between Citadel and Arsenal Tower, is very safe and protected due to three small islands on the sea side. In 13th century, after the reign of a noble crusader family ‘Lusignan', Famagusta became the main port. Famagusta was favourable because of its closeness to the ports of Holy Land and Ayas in Lesser Armenia and its geographical advantages. F. Amadi, mentioning a tower used for the defence of the port in his ‘Chronicle', gave the earliest remarks on a building on the port and in the town in 1232. The essentials of the port of Famagusta, an arsenal and a castle were settled soon before 1300. In 1308, its sea walls and sea gate were under construction between the castle and ‘Torion del Arsenale'. After a short while, the castle had been connected with the opposing end of the natural reefs with a chain, and afterwards a tower had been built on the reefs. So, the port was divided into two : outer harbour and inner harbour. The development of the port of Famagusta had been extensively completed until the end of the 14th century. The physical elements of the port mostly had defence functions. Presenting the importance of the port as a defence line, these elements preserved their significance until military technology changed in the 19th century. The chain was still there at the beginning of 20th century. The urban spaces and buildings along the land side of the port have been located, after the development of physical features needed for the defence and operation of the port. After Lamberto di Sambuceto's notes, many important public buildings were constructed between the Citadel and Arsenal Tower, in the early 14th century. The buildings known to be located along the port, from the Citadel to the Arsenal Tower are the Genoese Loggia, the Venetian Loggia, the Customs Buildings, St. Anthony Church and Hospital, and the Fish Market. On the southwest of the Citadel, one of the oldest buildings of the city, St. George of the Latins Church is located. These buildings have generated a dense axis along the port in this period. So, the administrative, religious and commercial elements had been settled after the military ones, along the port. After 1373 Genoese period started and lasted for 90 years in the city. During this period the activities of the port of Famagusta had declined. It is known that the Genoese put their efforts more on defense improvement works. After a short period of Lusignans after Genoese in the city, Venetians managed the sovereignty of the island. During Venetians port development gained importance. Arsenal, sea-gate, citadel on sea-side, sea walls and towers were all improved / rebuilt together with other parts of fortifications. The improvements to the port were the last for the pre-modern times. There had been done very little for the port during Ottoman Period after 1571, as the east port of island Larnaca became the main port after the Ottoman conquest. British rule, taking into account the capacity of port of Famagusta, made projections for Famagusta port. Famagusta harbour development projects were realised in three phases in 1905, 1933, and 1965. This study aims to search the continuity and change of physical elements of the port during a 700 years period, from 1250 to 1950 comprising arsenal, arsenal gate, sea-gate / gates, castle / citadel, towers / watch-towers, chain, custom-houses, reefs, and its' borders. The physical changes of the port in centuries are represented on maps.